LEO satellites are spacecraft that orbit in low Earth orbit, the band of space roughly 160 to 2,000 kilometers above the surface. That is close by the standards of satellite communications, where the workhorse broadcast satellites sit almost 36,000 kilometers up. The short distance is the entire point. A signal to a low-orbit satellite and back takes tens of milliseconds, so a LEO network can deliver internet that feels as quick as a wired connection, something older satellite systems never managed.
Why LEO Beats GEO for Broadband
Distance decides delay, and delay decides how a connection feels. A geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite parks about 35,786 kilometers above the equator, so a signal climbing up and coming back covers more than 70,000 kilometers. Even at the speed of light, that round trip runs near half a second. On a video call, half a second of lag turns a conversation into a series of interruptions.
A low Earth orbit satellite cuts the distance to a few hundred kilometers, dropping the round trip to tens of milliseconds. That is close to what a home cable line delivers. The change opens uses that GEO could never serve well: live video, online gaming, remote control of equipment, and any app that expects a fast reply. Speed matters too. Because a closer satellite receives a stronger signal, LEO terminals can be small and still move real data, which is how a pizza-box-sized dish replaces a large fixed antenna.
LEO Broadband Needs a Whole Constellation
A single LEO satellite cannot cover much, because it is always moving. At a few hundred kilometers up, a satellite crosses the sky in minutes, then drops below the horizon. To hold a connection to one house, the network needs another satellite already climbing into view the moment the first one leaves. That demand is why LEO broadband arrives as a constellation, a fleet of thousands of satellites spread across many orbital planes so at least one is always overhead.
Building that fleet is expensive and slow, and it only works at scale. A handful of satellites leaves long gaps where a user waits offline until the next pass. The economics flip only once the constellation is large enough for continuous coverage, which is why these projects launch in waves over years rather than switching on at once.
Handoffs and How a LEO Link Stays Up
A LEO terminal never talks to one satellite for long. As a satellite nears the horizon, the terminal switches to a fresh one rising into view, a move called a handoff. Handoffs run every few minutes for every user, and the network schedules them so a download or a call does not stutter during the switch. A phased-array antenna, the flat panel used by modern terminals, steers its beam electronically to track each satellite and lock onto the next without any moving parts.
The satellites also have to talk to each other and to the ground. Some constellations route traffic between satellites using laser links in space, which lets data cross an ocean without touching a ground station along the way. Others hand every packet down to the nearest gateway on the ground, which is simpler to build but needs gateways within reach of the user.
The Major LEO Constellations
Several operators are building or running large LEO broadband fleets, and each is at a different stage as of 2026.
| Constellation | Operator | Status as of 2026 | Focus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starlink | SpaceX | Operational, thousands of satellites | Consumer and enterprise broadband |
| OneWeb | Eutelsat | Operational | Enterprise, government, backhaul |
| Project Kuiper | Amazon | Deploying | Consumer and enterprise broadband |
Starlink is the largest by far, with thousands of satellites already delivering service to consumers and businesses. Our Starlink explainer covers how its dishes and coverage work. OneWeb, now part of Eutelsat, aims mostly at enterprise and government customers and at connecting cell towers rather than selling directly to households. Amazon’s Project Kuiper is still deploying its fleet and plans to lean on Amazon’s cloud and retail reach. Constellation sizes change constantly as launches continue, so treat any headline satellite count as a snapshot rather than a fixed figure.
The Tradeoffs LEO Cannot Escape
Low orbit buys speed but charges for it in other ways. The fleet is the first cost, since you must launch and replace thousands of satellites that each last only a handful of years in the thin atmosphere down low. Ground infrastructure is the second, because a network that hands traffic down to gateways needs many of them.
Spectrum is a quieter cost that shapes who can build one at all. Every constellation needs radio frequencies to talk to its users, and those frequencies are coordinated internationally through the International Telecommunication Union so two networks do not sit on the same band over the same country. Winning that spectrum, and gaining approval to operate in each country, takes years of filings before a single satellite earns revenue. This is part of why only a few operators have reached full-scale service while others stall at the paperwork.
Space debris is the pressing concern. Putting thousands of objects into busy orbits raises the odds of a collision, and a single crash can scatter fragments that threaten other satellites. Operators answer this partly through the low altitude itself: a satellite that dies at a few hundred kilometers is dragged down by the faint atmosphere and burns up within a few years, rather than circling as junk for a century. Even with that self-cleaning, the sheer number of active satellites forces constant collision avoidance. Operators track close approaches, called conjunctions, and fire thrusters to steer a satellite clear when two paths come too near. Those maneuvers cost fuel and shorten a satellite’s working life, and they grow more frequent as more constellations share the same altitudes. Whether the self-cleaning keeps pace with the number of new launches is an open question regulators are still weighing. To see how these tradeoffs play out in the largest LEO satellites network flying today, read our Starlink explainer.